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The city has a sizable community of , , -speaking refugees. Retrieved 6 December 2016. Karachi's neighbourhood represents the extent of Kolachi prior to British rule. Karachi Women, Karachi Single Women, Karachi Girls, Karachi Single Girls As social media is full of diverse people, some can be with fake profiles and mostly guys spend time with such activities.\
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Retrieved 10 February 2014. Karachi Skyline-View from Hill Park The city's karachi dating app was largely confined to the area north of the Chinna Creek prior to independence, although the limbo area of was also developed as a posh locale under the British, and its large bungalows and estates remain some of the city's most desirable properties. The city's wealthy Hindus opposed the resettlement of refugees near their homes, and so many refugees were accommodated in the older and more u parts of Karachi. Karachi's coastal plains along the south of Clifton were also developed much later as part of the greater Defence Housing Authority project. Archived from on 25 August 2011. Retrieved 1 December 2017. District of Karachi, Grace Guest House provides barbecue facilities. Several of Nagasaki's schools, such asandare operated by Christian churches, and among Pakistan's most prestigious schools. Then the real fun begins.

The Union Council system was dismantled in 2011. In 1864, the first telegraphic message was sent from South Asia to England from Karachi. Retrieved 30 October 2016.\
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**Karachi Dating** - Retrieved 28 August 2010.\
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It is the in Pakistan, and in the world. Ranked as a , the city is Pakistan's premier industrial and financial centre. Karachi is also Pakistan's most cosmopolitan city. Situated on the , Karachi serves as a transport hub, and is home to Pakistan's two largest seaports, the and , as well as the. Though the Karachi region has been inhabited for millennia, the city was founded as the fortified village of Kolachi in 1729. The settlement drastically increased in importance with the arrival of British East India company in the mid 19th century, who not only embarked on major works to transform the city into a major seaport, but also connected it with their extensive railway network. By the time of the , the city was the largest in Sindh with an estimated population of 400,000. Following the , the city's population increased dramatically with the arrival of hundreds of thousands of from. The city experienced rapid economic growth following independence, attracting migrants from throughout Pakistan and South Asia. Karachi is one of Pakistan's most secular and socially liberal cities. It is also the most linguistically, ethnically, and religiously diverse city in Pakistan. With a population of 14. Karachi is one of the world's fastest growing cities, and has communities representing almost every ethnic group in Pakistan. Karachi is home to over 2 million , 1 million , and up to 400,000 from. Karachi is now Pakistan's premier industrial and financial centre. Karachi collects over a third of Pakistan's tax revenue, and generates approximately 20% of Pakistan's GDP. Approximately 30% of Pakistani industrial output is from Karachi, while Karachi's ports handle approximately 95% of Pakistan's foreign trade. Approximately 90% of the multinational corporations operating in Pakistan are headquartered in Karachi. Up to 70% of Karachi's workforce is employed in the , which is typically not included in GDP calculations. The city had become well known for its high rates of violent crime, but recorded crimes sharply decreased following a controversial crackdown operation against criminals, the political party, and Islamist militants initiated in 2013 by the. The city's murder rate in 2015 had decreased by 75% compared to 2013, and kidnappings decreased by 90%, with the improved security environment triggering sharp increases in real-estate prices. The 15th—18th century are located 29 km 18 mi east of Karachi. Late and sites discovered by a team from on the constitute one of the most important discoveries made in during the last 50 years. The earliest inhabitants of the Karachi region are believed to have been , with ancient discovered at several sites. A sea port called by the Greeks was situated in Karachi. The Karachi region is believed to have been known to the ancient. The region may be the site of , where once camped to prepare a fleet for , as well as which may possibly be Karachi's neighbourhood. In 711 , conquered the Sindh and. The Karachi region is believed to have been known to the as , from where Muhammad Bin Qasim launched his forces into South Asia in 712 C. Under , the administrator of , the development of coastal Sindh and the Indus delta was encouraged. Under his rule, fortifications in the region acted as a bulwark against Portuguese incursions into. The , , mentioned Debal and Manora Island in his book in 1554. Kolachi settlement Karachi was founded in 1729 as the settlement of Kolachi under the rule of the ethnically Baloch Mirs of Sindh. The founders of the settlement are said to arrived from the nearby town of Karak Bandar after the harbour there silted in 1728 after heavy rains. The settlement was fortified, and defended with cannons imported by Sindhi sailors from Muscat,. The name Karachee was used for the first time in a document from 1742, in which a merchant ship de Ridderkerk is shipwrecked near the original settlement. The city continued to be ruled by the Talpur Mirs until it was occupied by forces under the command of in February 1839. British Raj The former State Bank of Pakistan building was built during the colonial era. The captured Karachi on 3 February 1839 after opened fire and quickly destroyed the local mud fort at. The town was annexed to in 1843 after Sindh was captured by Major General in the , with the city declared capital of the new British province. The city was recognized for its strategic importance, prompting the British to establish the in 1854. Karachi rapidly became a transportation hub for British India owing to newly built port and rail infrastructure, as well as the increase in agricultural exports from the opening of productive tracts of newly irrigated land in and interior Sindh. The British also developed the as a military garrison in order to aid the British war effort in the. During the of 1857, the 21st Native Infantry, then stationed in Karachi, mutinied and declared allegiance to rebel forces in September 1857, though the British were able to quickly defeat the rebels and reassert control over the city. Following the Rebellion, British colonial administrators continued to develop the city. In 1864, the first telegraphic message was sent from South Asia to England from Karachi. Public building works were undertaken, including the construction of in 1865 and the later. In 1878, the British Raj connected Karachi with the network of. By 1899, Karachi had become the largest wheat-exporting port in the East. British development projects in Karachi resulted in an influx of economic migrants from several ethnicities and religions, including Anglo-British, , , and , among others. Karachi's newly arrived Jewish population established the in 1893. By the end of the 19th century, Karachi's population was estimated to be 105,000. Under British rule, the was established. Known as the Father of Modern Karachi, mayor led the municipal government to improve sanitary conditions in the Old City, as well as major infrastructure works in the New Town after his election in 1911. Post-independence At the dawn of Pakistan's in 1947, Karachi was Sindh's largest city with a population of over 400,000. Despite communal violence across India and Pakistan, Karachi remained relatively peaceful compared to cities further north in Punjab. The city became the focus for the resettlement of migrating from India, leading to a dramatic expansion of the city's population. This migration lasted until the 1960s. This immigration ultimately transformed the city's and. Karachi was selected as the first capital of Pakistan and served as such until the capital was shifted to in 1958. While foreign embassies shifted away from Karachi, numerous and. Between 1958 and 1970, Karachi's role as capital of Sindh was ceased due to the programme enacted by President. The 1980s and 1990s saw an influx of thousands of refugees from the into Karachi; who were in turn followed in smaller numbers by refugees escaping from post-revolution. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Karachi was rocked by political and conflict, while crime rates drastically increased with the arrival of weaponry from the. Conflict between the , and ethnic , , and was sharp. The party and its vast network of supporters were targeted by Pakistani security forces as part of the controversial in 1992 — an effort to restore peace in the city that lasted until 1994. Anti-Hindu riots also broke out in Karachi in 1992 in retaliation for the demolition of the in India by a group of Hindu nationalists earlier that year. Karachi had become widely known for its high rates of violent crime, but recorded crimes sharply decreased following a controversial crackdown operation against criminals, the MQM party, and Islamist militants initiated in 2013 by the. Satellite view of Karachi Karachi is located on the coastline of Sindh province in southern Pakistan, along a natural harbour on the. Karachi is built on a coastal plains with scattered rocky outcroppings, hills and coastal marshlands. Coastal forests grow in the brackish waters around the Karachi Harbour, and farther southeast towards the expansive. West of Karachi city is the , locally known as , which is an area characterised by sea cliffs, rocky sandstone promontories and undeveloped beaches. Within the city of Karachi are two small ranges: the and , which lie in the northwest and act as a barrier between and. Karachi's hills are barren and are part of the larger , and have a maximum elevation of 528 metres 1,732 feet. Between the hills are wide coastal plains interspersed with dry river beds and water channels. Karachi has developed around the and , with the Lyari shore being the site of the settlement for Kolachi. To the west of Karachi lies the flood plain. Climate The Arabian Sea influences Karachi's climate, providing the city with more moderate temperatures compared to interior province. The city has low annual average precipitation levels approx. While the summers are hot and humid, cool sea breezes typically provide relief during hot summer months, though Karachi is prone to deadly heat waves, though a text-message based early warning system is now in place that helped prevent any fatalities during an unusually strong heatwave in October 2017. The winter climate is dry and lasts between December and February. It is dry and pleasant relative to the warm hot season, which starts in March and lasts until monsoons arrive in June. Proximity to the sea maintains humidity levels at near-constant levels year-round. The city's highest monthly rainfall, 429. The city's highest rainfall in 24 hours occurred on 7 August 1953, when about 278. Karachi's highest recorded temperature is 48 °C 118 °F which was recorded on 9 May 1938, and the lowest is 0 °C 32 °F recorded on 21 January 1934. Climate data for Karachi Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C °F 32. The city first developed around the Karachi Harbour, and owes much of its growth to its role as a seaport at the end of the 18th century, contrasted with Pakistan's millennia-old cities such as , , and. Karachi's neighbourhood represents the extent of Kolachi prior to British rule. The Old Town was a largely unplanned neighbourhood which housed most of the city's indigenous residents, and had no access to sewerage systems, electricity, and water. The New Town was subdivided into residential, commercial, and military areas. Given the strategic value of the city, the British developed the as a military garrison in the New Town to aid the British war effort in the. Karachi Skyline-View from Hill Park The city's development was largely confined to the area north of the Chinna Creek prior to independence, although the seaside area of was also developed as a posh locale under the British, and its large bungalows and estates remain some of the city's most desirable properties. The aforementioned historic areas form the oldest portions of Karachi, and contain its most important monuments and government buildings, with the being home to most of Pakistan's banks, including the Habib Bank Plaza which was Pakistan's tallest building from 1963 until the early 2000s. Much of Karachi's skyline is decentralized, with some growth in traditionally suburban areas. Situated on a coastal plain northwest of Karachi's historic core lies the sprawling district of. North of the historic core is the largely middle-class district of , and upper-middle class , which were developed in the 1950s. To the east of the historic core is the area known as — an expansive upscale suburb developed and administered by the. Karachi's coastal plains along the south of Clifton were also developed much later as part of the greater Defence Housing Authority project. Karachi's city limits also include several islands, including , Oyster Rocks, and , a former island which is now connected to the mainland by a thin 12 kilometre long known as. The city has been described as one divided into sections for those able to afford to live in planned localities with access to urban amenities, and those who live in unplanned communities with inadequate access to such services. Up to 60% of Karachi's residents live in such unplanned communities. Karachi's colonial-era is located in. Karachi is Pakistan's financial and commercial capital. Since Pakistan's independence, Karachi has been the centre of the nation's economy, and remain's Pakistan's largest urban economy despite the economic stagnation caused by sociopolitical unrest during the late 1980s and 1990s. The city forms the centre of an economic corridor stretching from Karachi to nearby , and. The city has a large which is not typically reflected in GDP estimates. The informal economy may constitute up to 36% of Pakistan's total economy, versus 22% of India's economy, and 13% of the Chinese economy. The informal sector employs up to 70% of the city's workforce. Although the city's competitiveness has declined relative to other Pakistani cities. Today along with Pakistan's continued economic expansion Karachi is now ranked thirrd in the world for consumer expenditure growth with its market anticipated to increase by 6. Most major foreign operating in Pakistan have their headquarters in Karachi. Karachi is also home to the , which was rated as Asia's best performing stock market in 2015 on the heels of Pakistan's upgrade to emerging-market status by. Media and technology Main articles: , , , , and Karachi has been the pioneer in cable networking in Pakistan with the most sophisticated of the cable networks of any city of Pakistan, and has seen an expansion of and. The city has become a software outsourcing hub for Pakistan. Industry Industry contributes a large portion of Karachi's economy, with the city home to several of Pakistan's largest companies dealing in textiles, cement, steel, heavy machinery, chemicals, and food products. The city is home to approximately 30 percent of Pakistan's manufacturing sector, and produces approximately 42 percent of Pakistan's in large scale manufacturing. At least 4500 industrial units form Karachi's formal industrial economy. Karachi's informal manufacturing sector employs far more people than the formal sector, though proxy data suggest that the capital employed and value added from such informal enterprises is far smaller than that offormal sector enterprises. An estimated 63% of the Karachi's workforce is employed in trade and manufacturing. Karachi Export Processing Zone, SITE, , Northern Bypass Industrial Zone, Bin Qasim and North Karachi serve as large industrial estates in Karachi. The also complements Karachi's industrial economy by hosting regional and international exhibitions. Name of estate Location Established Area in acres 1947 4700 1960 8500 1949 11000 1974 725 1987 2012 250 1970 25000 1980 315 2004 1250 430 1983 300 1992 1000 Revenue collection As home to Pakistan's largest ports and a large portion of its manufacturing base, Karachi contributes a large share of Pakistan's collected tax revenue. As most of Pakistan's large multinational corporations are based in Karachi, income taxes are paid in the city even though income may be generated from other parts of the country. As home to the country's two largest ports, Pakistani customs officials collect the bulk of federal duty and tariffs at Karachi's ports, even if those imports are destined for one of Pakistan's other provinces. Approximately 25% of Pakistan's national revenue is generated in Karachi. According to the 's 2006—2007 year book, tax and customs units in Karachi were responsible for 46. Karachi accounts for 75. Main articles: , , and Karachi is the most linguistically, ethnically, and religiously diverse city in Pakistan. The city is a of ethno-linguistic groups from throughout Pakistan, as well as migrants from other parts of Asia. The city's inhabitants are referred to by the Karachiite. The numerated Karachi's population to be 14,910,352, having grown 2. Population At the end of the 19th century, Karachi had an estimated population of 105,000. By the dawn of in 1947, the city had an estimated population of 400,000. The city's population grew dramatically with the arrival of hundreds of thousands of from the newly independent. Rapid economic growth following independence attracted further migrants from throughout Pakistan and South Asia. The numerated Karachi's population to be 14,910,352, having grown 2. Lower than expected population figures from the census suggest that Karachi's poor infrastructure, law and order situation, and weakened economy relative to other parts of Pakistan made the city less attractive to in-migration than previously thought. The figure is disputed by all the major political parties in. Karachi's population grew by 59. Karachi's population had grown at a rate of 3. Some had expected that the city's population to be between 22 and 30 million, which would require an annual growth rate accelerating to between 4. Political parties in the province have suggested the city's population has been underestimated in a deliberate attempt to undermine the political power of the city and province. Senator from the claimed he had official documents revealing the city's population to be 25. Ethnicity The oldest portions of modern Karachi reflect the ethnic composition of the first settlement, with Balochis and Sindhis continuing to make up a large portion of the Lyari neighbourhood, though many of the residents are relatively recent migrants. Following Partition, large numbers of Hindus migrant Pakistan for the newly-independent later the Republic of India , while a larger percentage of Muslim migrant from India settled in Karachi. The city grew 150% during the ten period between 1941 and 1951 with the arrival of migrants from India, who made up 57% of Karachi's population in 1951. The city is now considered a melting pot of Pakistan, and is the country's most diverse city. In 2011, an estimated 2. The first Muhajirs of Karachi arrived in 1946 in the aftermath of the and subsequent. The city's wealthy Hindus opposed the resettlement of refugees near their homes, and so many refugees were accommodated in the older and more congested parts of Karachi. The city witnessed a large influx of Muhajirs following Partition, who were drawn to the port city and newly designated federal capital for its white-collar job opportunities. Muhajirs continued to migrate to Pakistan throughout the 1950s and early 1960s, with Karachi remaining the primary destination of Indian Muslim migrants throughout those decades. The Muhajir Urdu-speaking community in the 2017 census forms slightly less than 45% of the city's population. Muhajirs form the bulk of Karachi's middle class. Muhajirs are regarded as the city's most secular community, while other minorities such as Christians and Hindus increasingly regard themselves as part of the Muhajir community. Karachi is home to a wide array of non-Urdu speaking Muslim peoples from what is now the. The city has a sizable community of , , -speaking refugees. Karachi is also home to a several-thousand member strong community of from in. These ethno-linguistic groups are being in the Urdu-speaking community. During the period of rapid economic growth in the 1960s, large numbers from the migrated to Karachi with Afghan Pashtun refugees settling in Karachi during the 80's. By some estimates, Karachi is home to the world's largest urban Pashtun population, with more Pashtun citizens than the. While generally considered to be one of Karachi's most conservative communities, Pashtuns in Karachi generally vote for the secular rather than religious parties. Pashtuns from Afghanistan are regarded as the most conservative community. Pashtuns from Pakistan's , in contrast, are generally seen as more liberal in social outlook. The Pashtun community forms the bulk of manual labourers and transporters. Migrants from Punjab began settling in Karachi in large numbers in the 1960s, and now make up an estimated 14% of Karachi's population. The community forms the bulk of the city's police force, and also form a large portion of Karachi's entrepreneurial classes and direct a larger portion of Karachi's service-sector economy. The bulk of Karachi's Christian community, which makes up 2. Despite being the capital of Sindh province, only 6—8% of the city is Sindhi. Sindhis form much of the municipal and provincial bureaucracy. Following the and independence of , thousands of Urdu-speaking arrived in the city, preferring to remain Pakistani rather than live in the newly-independent country. Large numbers of also migrated from Bangladesh to Karachi during periods of economic growth in the 1980s and 1990s. Karachi is now home to an estimated 2. Karachi is home to an estimated. Large scale migration to Karachi made Karachi one of the largest population centres of in the world outside of Myanmar. Central Asian migrants from and have also settled in the city. Domestic workers from the are employed in Karachi's posh locales, while many of the city's teachers hail from. Expatriates from China began migrating to Karachi in the 1940s, to work as dentists, chefs and shoemakers, while many of their decedents continue to live in Pakistan. The city is also home to a small number of British and American expatriates. During , about 3,000 Polish refugees from the , with some Polish families who chose to remain in the city after Partition. Post-Partition Karachi also once had a sizable refugee community from post-revolutionary. Religion The is the largest in Karachi. Karachi is one of Pakistan's most religiously diverse cities. Karachiites adhere to numerous sects and sub-sects of , as well as , and community of. The city also is home to large numbers of , and a small community of. Prior to Pakistan's independence in 1947, the population of the city was estimated to be 50% Muslim, 40% Hindu, with the remaining 10% primarily Christians both British and native , with a small numbers of Jews. Following the independence of Pakistan, much of Karachi's population left for India while Muslim refugees from India in turn settled in the city. The city continued to attract migrants from throughout Pakistan, who were overwhelmingly Muslim, and city's population nearly doubled again in the 1950s. As a result of continued migration, over 96. Karachi is overwhelmingly Muslim, though the city is one of Pakistan's most secular cities. Approximately 65% of Karachi's Muslims are , while 35% are. The city's Christian community is primarily composed of Punjabi Christians, who converted from Sikhism to Christianity during the. Karachi has a community of who are typically better-educated and more affluent than their Punjabi co-religionists. The Goan community dates from 1820 and has a population estimated to be 12,000—15,000 strong. While most of the city's Hindu population left en masse for India following Pakistan's independence, Karachi still has a large Hindu community with an estimated population of 250,000 based on 2013 data. Karachi's affluent and influential have lived in the region in the 12th century, though the modern community dates from the mid 19th century when they served as military contractors and commissariat agents to the British. Further waves of Parsi immigrants from settled in the city in the late 19th century. The population of Parsis in Karachi and throughout South Asia is in continuous decline due to low birth-rates and migration to Western countries. Language Karachi has the largest number of Urdu speakers in Pakistan. As per the 1998 census, the linguistic breakdown of is: Rank Language 1998 census Speakers 1981 census Speakers 1 48. Main article: Karachi is served by a road network estimated to be approximately 9,500 kilometres 5,900 miles in length, serving approximately 3. The first opened in 2007 and connects in eastern Karachi to the industrial-estates in 10. The second corridor connects with Shahrah-e-Faisal over a 19 kilometre span, while the third stretch 28 kilometres 17 miles and connects Karachi's urban centre to the suburb. A fourth corridor is currently under construction that will link Karachi's centre to Karachi's. Karachi will be the terminus of the under construction , which will connect Karachi to. The road is being constructed as part of a much larger motorway network under construction as part of the expansive. From Hyderabad, motorways have been built, or are being constructed, to provide high-speed road access to the northern Pakistani cities of and 1,100 kilometres 680 miles to the north of Karachi. Karachi is also the terminus of the which connects the city to the historic medieval capital of Sindh,. It offers further connections to northern Pakistan and the Afghan border near , as well as the N-25 National Highway which connects the port city to the Afghan border near. Within the city of Karachi, the is a along the in Karachi, , Pakistan. As of 8 February 2018 's north-bound and south-bound sections are both complete and open for traffic. This toll highway is designed to relieve congestion in the city of Karachi. To the north of Karachi lies the M10 , which starts near the junction of the. It then continues north for a few kilometres before turning west, where it intersects the. Rail Main articles: and Karachi is linked by rail to the rest of the country by. The and are the city's two major railway stations. The city has an international rail link, the which links Karachi Cantonment Station with in , India. The railway system also handles freight linking Karachi port to destinations up-country in northern Pakistan. The city is the terminus for the which connects Karachi to Peshawar. Pakistan's rail network, including the Main Line-1 Railway is being upgraded as part of the , allowing trains to depart Karachi and travel on Pakistani railways at an average speed of 160 kilometres per hour 99 miles per hour versus the average 60 to 105 kilometres per hour 37 to 65 miles per hour speed currently possible on existing track. Public transport The route. Karachi's public transport infrastructure is inadequate and constrained by low levels of investment. Karachi is not currently served by any municipal public transit, and is instead serviced primarily by the private and informal sector. Metrobus The Pakistani Government is developing the project, which is a multi-line 112. The Metrobus project was inaugurated by the Prime Minister of Pakistan Mian Nawaz Sharif on 25 February 2016. Karachi's is the largest and busiest airport in Pakistan. Karachi Circular Railway Karachi was once served by numerous trams and the , although both systems are no longer in operation. While the Japanese Government has expressed willingness to help fund the refurbishment of the Karachi Circular Railway, the project has not been finalized. Air Karachi's is the busiest airport of Pakistan with a total of 6. The current terminal structure was built in 1992, and is divided into international and domestic sections. Karachi's airport serves as a for the , PIA , as well as for , , and. The airport offers non-stop flights to destinations throughout East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, the Persian , Europe and North America. The is one of South Asia's largest and busiest deep-water. Sea The largest shipping ports in Pakistan are the and the nearby , the former being the oldest port of Pakistan. Port Qasim is located 35 kilometres 22 miles east of the Port of Karachi on the estuary. These ports handle 95% of Pakistan's trade cargo to and from foreign ports. These seaports have modern facilities which include bulk handling, containers and oil terminals. Karachi's civic government operates from the British-era. Historical background In response to a cholera epidemic in 1846, the was organized by British administrators. The board became the Karachi Municipal Commission in 1852, and the the following year. The City of Karachi Municipal Act of 1933 transformed the city administration into the with a mayor, a deputy mayor and 57 councillors. In 1976, the body became the. During the 1900s, Karachi saw its major beautification project under the mayoralty of. New roads, parks, residential, and recreational areas were developed as part of this project. In 1948, the of Pakistan was created, comprising approximately 2,103 km 2 812 sq mi of Karachi and surrounding areas, but this was merged into the province of in 1961. In 1996, the metropolitan area was divided into five districts, each with its own municipal corporation. Union councils 2001—11 In 2001, five districts of Karachi were merged to form the city district of Karachi, with a three-tier structure. The two most local tiers are composed of 18 , and 178. Each Union Council had thirteen members elected from specified electorates: four men and two women elected directly by the general population; two men and two women elected by peasants and workers; one member for minority communities; two members are elected jointly as the Union Mayor Nazim and Deputy Union Mayor Naib Nazim. Each council included up to three council secretaries and a number of other civil servants. The Union Council system was dismantled in 2011. District municipal corporations In 2011, city district government of Karachi was reverted its original constituent units known as District Municipal Corporations DMC. The five original DMCs are: , , , and. The current city administrator is Muhammad Hussain Syed and Municipal Commissioner of Karachi is Matanat Ali Khan. The position of was created and Shoaib Ahmad Siddiqui was appointed as the Commissioner of Karachi. There are six , which are administered by the , and are some of Karachi's most upscale neighbourhoods. Water 76% of Karachi households have access to piped water as of 2015, with private water tankers supplying much of the water required in informal settlements. By 2015, an estimated 30,000 people were dying due to water-borne diseases annually. Sanitation 98% of Karachi's households are connected to the city's underground public sewerage system, largely operated by the Karachi Water and Sewerage Board. Households in self-organized in order to set-up their own sewerage system under the , a community service organization founded in 1980. Residents of individual streets bear the cost of sewerage pipes, and provide volunteer labour to lay the pipe. Residents also maintain the sewer pipes, while the city municipal administration has built several primary and secondary pipes for the network. As a result of OPP, 96% of Orangi residents have access to a latrine. Parts of the city's drainage system overflows on average 2—7 times per month, flooding some city streets. Karachi has the highest percentage of residents in Pakistan who report that their streets are never cleaned — 42% of residents in Karachi report their streets are never cleaned, compared to 10% of residents in. Only 17% of Karachi residents reporting daily street cleaning, compared to 45% in Lahore. See also: Karachi's primary education system is divided into five levels: primary grades one through five ; grades six through eight ; high grades nine and ten, leading to the ; grades eleven and twelve, leading to a Higher Secondary School Certificate ; and university programs leading to and degrees. Karachi has both public and private educational institutions. Most educational institutions are gender-based, from primary to university level. Several of Karachi's schools, such as , and , are operated by Christian churches, and among Pakistan's most prestigious schools. Higher The is one of Karachi's second oldest university, and dates from 1887. Karachi is home to several major public universities. Karachi's first public university's date from the era. The founded in 1885, was granted university status in 2012. Establishment of the Sindh Madressatul Islam was followed by the establishment of the in 1887, and the institution was granted university status in 2014. The NED , was founded in 1921, and is Pakistan's oldest institution of higher learning. The was established in 1945, and is now one of Pakistan's top medical research institutions. The , founded in 1951, is Pakistan's largest university with a student population of 24,000. The IBA , founded in 1955, is the oldest business school outside of North America and Europe, and was set up with technical support from the and the. The , which opened in 1962, offers degree programmes in petroleum, gas, chemical, and industrial engineering. The PNEC , operated by the , is associated with the NUST in Islamabad. Karachi is also home to numerous private universities. The , founded in 1983, is Karachi's oldest private educational institution, and is one of Pakistan's most prestigious medical schools. The was founded in 1989, and offers degree programmes in arts and architectural fields. The NUCES-FAST , one of Pakistan's top universities in computer education, operates two campuses in Karachi. SSUET offers degree programmes in biomedical, electronics, telecom and computer engineering. KIET has two campuses in Karachi. The SZABIST , founded in 1995 by former Prime Minister , operates a campus in Karachi. Karachi is a centre of research in biomedicine with at least 30 public hospitals, 80 registered private hospitals and 12 recognized medical colleges, including the Indus Hospital, , , , , , , , , , and. In 1995, Ziauddin Hospital was the site of Pakistan's first bone marrow transplant. Karachi municipal authorities in October 2017 launched a new early warning system that alerted city residents to a forecasted heatwave. Previous heatwaves had routinely claimed lives in the city, but implementation of the warning system was credited for no reported heat-related fatalities. Built as a home for a wealthy Hindu businessman, the is now a museum open to the public. Karachi is home to several of Pakistan's most important museums. The and display artwork, while the city also has several private art galleries. The city is also home to the and are also located in the city. Theatre and cinema Karachi is home to some of Pakistan's important cultural institutions. The , located in the former , offers diploma courses in performing arts that includes classical music and contemporary theatre. Karachi is home to groups such as Thespianz Theater, a professional youth-based, non-profit performing arts group, which works on theatre and arts activities in Pakistan. Though is considered to be home of Pakistan's film industry, Karachi is home to annually showcases independent Pakistani and international films and documentaries. Music The , linked to the 45-year-old similar institution in , has been holding its annual music festival since its inception in 2004. The National Arts Council Koocha-e-Saqafat has musical performances and. Tourist attractions Crime Sometimes stated to be amongst the world's most dangerous cities, the extent of violent crime in Karachi is not as significant in magnitude as compared to other cities. According to the Numbeo Crime Index 2014, Karachi was the 6th most dangerous city in the world. By the middle of 2016, Karachi's rank had dropped to 31 following the launch of anti-crime operations. By 2018, Karachi's ranking has dropped to 50. The city's large population results in high numbers of homicides with a moderate homicide rate. Karachi's homicide rates are lower than many Latin American cities, and in 2015 was 12. The homicide rates in some Latin American cities such as , and , are in excess of 100 per 100,000 residents, many times greater than Karachi's homicide rate. In 2016, the number of murders in Karachi had dropped to 471, which had dropped further to 381 in 2017. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Karachi was rocked by political conflict while crime rates drastically increased with the arrival of weaponry from the. Karachi's highest death rates occurred in the mid 1990s when Karachi was much smaller. In 1995, 1,742 killings were recorded, when the city had over 5 million fewer residents. Karachi Operation Karachi had become widely known for its high rates of violent crime, but rates sharply decreased following a controversial crackdown operation against criminals, the MQM party, and Islamist militants initiated in 2013 by the. In 2015, 1,040 Karachiites were killed in either acts of terror or crime — an almost 50% decrease from the 2,023 deaths in 2014, and an almost 70% decrease from the 3,251 deaths recorded in 2013 — the highest ever recorded number in Karachi history. Despite a sharp decrease in violent crime, street crime remains high. With 650 in 2015, Karachi's homicide rate decreased by 75% compared to 2013. In 2017, the number of homicides had dropped further to 381. Extortion crimes decreased by 80% between 2013 and 2015, while kidnappings decreased by 90% during the same period. By 2016, the city registered a total of 21 cases of kidnap for ransom. Terrorist incidents dropped by 98% between 2012 and 2017, according to Pakistan's Interior Ministry. As a result of the Karachi's improved security environment, real-estate prices in Karachi rose sharply in 2015, with a rise in business for upmarket restaurants and cafés. Ethnic conflict Insufficient affordable housing infrastructure to absorb growth has resulted in the city's diverse migrant populations being largely confined to ethnically homogenous neighbourhoods. The 1970s saw major industrial estates. Violence originated in the city's university campuses, and spread into the city. Conflict was especially sharp between and ethnic , , and. The party and its vast network of supporters were targeted by Pakistani security forces as part of the controversial in 1992, as part of an effort to restore peace in the city that lasted until 1994. Poor infrastructure Urban planning and service delivery have not kept pace with Karachi's growth, resulting in the city's low ranking on livability rankings. The city has no cohesive transportation policy, and no official public transit system, though up to 1,000 new cars are added daily to the city's congested streets. Such informal settlements are known as katchi abadis, and now approximately half the city's residents live in these unplanned communities. The was built by Hindus who migrated after the , though the building was repurposed to house the. Karachi has a collection of buildings and structures of varied. The downtown districts of and contain early 20th-century architecture, ranging in style from the building to the Building. Karachi acquired its first neo-Gothic or Indo-Gothic buildings when , and were completed. The architectural style was introduced in the and the Boat Club. Joseph's Convent 1870 and the 1883. The classical style made a comeback in the late 19th century, as seen in 1898 and the. While buildings remained popular, an eclectic blend termed or Anglo-Mughal began to emerge in some locations. The local mercantile community began acquiring impressive structures. Zaibunnisa Street in the area known as Elphinstone Street in British days is an example where the mercantile groups adopted the and style to demonstrate their familiarity with Western culture and their own. The 1925 and are examples of Mughal revival buildings. The Sindh Wildlife Conservation Building, located in Saddar, served as a Freemasonic Lodge until it was taken over by the government. There are talks of it being taken away from this custody and being renovated and the Lodge being preserved with its original woodwork and ornate wooden staircase. The procedure involved the careful removal of each piece of timber and stone, stacked temporarily, loaded on the trucks for transportation to the Clifton site, unloaded and re-arranged according to a given layout, stone by stone, piece by piece, and completed within three months. Architecturally distinctive, even eccentric, buildings have sprung up throughout Karachi. Notable example of contemporary architecture include the Headquarters building. The city has examples of modern , including the hospital, , Faran Mosque, Bait-ul Mukarram Mosque, Quaid's Mausoleum, and the. One of the unique cultural elements of Karachi is that the residences, which are two- or three-story , are built with the front yard protected by a high brick wall. The most prominent examples include the , PRC Towers and the which is the tallest skyscraper in. The first ever international cricket match in Karachi was held on 22 November 1935 between and Australian cricket teams. The match was seen by 5,000 Karachiites. Karachi is also the place that innovated , a safer and more affordable alternative to cricket. The inaugural first-class match at the National Stadium was played between Pakistan and India on 26 February 1955 and since then Pakistani national cricket team has won 20 of the 41 played at the National Stadium. The first at the National Stadium was against the West Indies on 21 November 1980, with the match going to the last ball. The national team has been less successful in such limited-overs matches at the ground, including a five-year stint between 1996 and 2001, when they failed to win any matches. The city has been host to a number of domestic cricket teams including Karachi, Karachi Blues, Karachi Greens, and Karachi Whites. The National Stadium hosted two group matches Pakistan v. South Africa on 29 February and Pakistan v. England on 3 March , and a quarter-final match South Africa v. West Indies on 11 March during the. The city has hosted seven editions of the National Games of Pakistan, most recently in 2007. In 2005, the city hosted the at this ground, as well as the Geo Super Football League 2007, which attracted capacity crowds during the games. The city has facilities for the , UBL Hockey Ground , KPT Sports Complex , Squash Complex , and. There are marinas and boating clubs. Retrieved 10 March 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2017. Retrieved 21 October 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2014. City District Government of Karachi. Retrieved 22 August 2010. Retrieved 21 October 2017. Archived from on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 12 February 2010. Retrieved 16 June 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2017. Retrieved 8 April 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2009. Retrieved 14 September 2009. Retrieved 25 February 2016. 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